Jul 07,2020

Physiological Characteristics of Poultry Liver

Physiological Characteristics of Poultry Liver The liver of poultry is a large organ, accounting for about 2% of the body weight. It is located in the lower part of the abdominal cavity. The right part is larger than left part, with gallbladder under it. The liver of chicken is special. There are bile ducts on the two parts of liver. The bile ducts in the left go directly to the duodenum, and the bile ducts in the right go first to the gallbladder and then to the duodenum. The liver of the newly born poultry is yellowish brown, especially in the first seven days. Many people think the problem is related to the health, but it’s actually the normal color. Because it absorbs a lot of yolk. The liver of adult chicken is generally dark red or brownish red and elastic. Of course, the obese poultry liver contains more fat, which is yellowish brown. It can also be said that the current chicken and human are the same. A lot of people will find liver problem after 40 years old. Most of them have fatty liver somehow. Nowadays, most of the chickens have excess nutrition, together with some toxic factors and some disease. It easily cause liver problem and disease. When you dissect a chicken, the first thing you see when you open the abdominal cavity is the liver, which is very impressive. The histological structure of poultry liver is also quite different from that of other animals. There are also structures of hepatic lobules, but it’s not obvious and the boundary is not clear. In addition, the stem cells are not cord like, but like acini. Liver is the most important biochemical factory in the body. You can say it's an endocrine organ, because it secretes bile. You can say it's an immune organ, and you know that there's an important immune cell called Kupffer Cell, the majority of the cells in the whole body in the liver is about 80%. In addition, the liver of poultry has lymphoid follicles, and the poultry does not have lymph nodes, so it is an immune organ. The liver is the target organ of many pathogenic microorganisms and poisons, with many kinds of lesions, heavy lesions, strong characteristics, easy to observe, which is the diagnostic basis for many diseases. If you want to diagnose diseases, it should be based on the liver lesions. Liver disease classification depends on which perspective to analyze. Here are three kinds of liver diseases that are often encountered and difficult to diagnose. 1. Inclusion hepatitis in poultry The hemorrhagic metamorphic inflammation of liver caused by a variety of serotypes of group I adenovirus mainly occurs in 3-15 week old chickens, most of which occur in 3-7 week old chickens. Broilers are most susceptible, and ducks can also be infected. It is mainly transmitted vertically through the eggs with virus or horizontally. The course of disease stopped after 7 to 10 days, and the mortality was between 10% and 30%. The pathological changes were characterized by hepatodegenerative swelling, pale or earthy yellow color and brittle with flaky or patchy hemorrhage. Microscopic examination of the liver cell showed the degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and the formation of intranuclear red staining inclusions.       Liver degeneration, swelling, brittle and fragile, with spotty bleeding on the surface red staining inclusions. 2. Viral hepatitis type E - big liver and big spleen Chicken big liver and spleen disease is a kind of viral infectious disease of chicken, which is mainly caused by the pathogenic infection such as hepatitis E. It mainly infects the white breeders, but also occurs in the laying hens which produce brown shell eggs. The disease usually occurs in summer and autumn. 20-58 week old chickens are susceptible to the disease and spread quickly. It can spread to the whole group in 1-2 weeks, resulting in egg production rate drop sharply or failure to reach the peak season. The disease lasts for several weeks, with a mortality rate of about 1%, causing great economic losses to the farms. The size of liver and spleen in typical cases was extremely growing, several times than normal. The appearance looks like marble. There are many small bleeding spots or necrotic foci under the liver capsule, and many pale foci on the surface or section of spleen. 3. Ulcerative enteritis It is caused by Clostridium coli. The liver has pale yellow streaks, even large irregular yellow necrosis areas or scattered gray or yellow small necrosis foci. The pathological changes of the liver varied from mild pale yellow spot necrosis to large irregular necrosis area on the edge of the liver. Ulcers can occur in any part of the small intestine and cecum.   Swelling of liver with yellowish white necrotic spots.

Physiological Characteristics of Poultry Liver

Jul 07,2020

How to Increase Feed Utilization Rate and Reduce the Cost

How to Increase Feed Utilization Rate and Reduce the Cost? In recent years, as prices have risen, feed prices have also risen. The increase in feed prices has meant increased costs for aquaculture farmers. The cost of feed is determined by the price of feed and the FCR. When the price of feed rises, how to choose high quality feed, improve feed utilization, and reduce FCR are the key point, Then in aquaculture industry How can we reduce feed costs? Control the feeding amount The appropriate feeding amount refers to the feeding amount when the FCR is the highest and the animals  grow faster . When the feeding amount is too low, the animals are hungry and the growth  slower ; if the feeding amount is too high, the feed is often excreted without complete digestion and absorption. The low feed utilization rate not only causes waste, but also causes water pollution. In aquaculture, it is advisable that each feeding amount can ensure more than 80% of fullness. Rational control of water quality Animals live in the water, bad water quality has direct impact to their physiology, bad water quality can affect appetite, resulting in decreased intestinal digestion function, so in the breeding process, to prevent water pollution, build good water environment, ensure the normal growth of aquacultural animal, can reduce the feed coefficient rate, saving the cost of feed. Choose a nutritionally complete feed At various stages of aquaculture need  the feed nutrients are not the same, if we want to reduce feed costs in the breeding, the feed nutrition must meet the needs of the aquatic animals, try to be a variety of ingredients, add trace elements, don't choose the poor quality of the feed. Good disease prevention and control Whether the body is healthy directly affects the level of feed coefficient. In daily management work, adhere to the principle of "prevention first, prevention and treatment combined", do a good job in prevention and health care, to ensure the health of aquaculture animals. In short, reducing the cost of feed in farming is a comprehensive work. Accurate and appropriate feed feeding is the most important part of farming technology, and it is also a key point in reducing the coefficient of feed. Improve economic efficiency in animal farming industry.

How to Increase Feed Utilization Rate and Reduce the Cost

Jul 07,2020

Effect of Drugs on Hepato-enteral Circulation

Effect of Drugs on Hepato-enteral Circulation As we all know, drugs are a method of treating diseases, but we rarely know how drugs work in the body. Have you ever had this situation? When your animal is sick, it is often used to give drugs, and then the use of drugs will increase. However, we don't know what the reasons are. The two most common ways for drugs to enter the body are oral and injection. One is that the drug enters the digestive system by oral administration, and is broken down into simple molecules by a series of digestive juices, and then absorbed into the blood by the intestine. The other is that the drug is injected directly into the blood circulation. Drugs that enter the body will enter the liver with blood circulation, and drugs that enter the liver will have three results: a). It is directly cleaned up; b). It is excreted from the body through urine, bile, etc; c). It binds to proteins and participates in blood circulation and is transported to the lesion to play a role, at the same time participating in the liver and intestinal circulation. The drugs approved by the liver have the characteristics of liver and intestinal circulation, and the drug is secreted into the bile in protein-bound form after hepatocyte transformation, the metabolite formed by combining with glucuronic acid enters the intestine and is hydrolyzed by the flora in the intestine into a prototype drug, which is reabsorbed into the portal vein at the end of the ileum and enters the systemic circulation. It circulates back and forth in the body, increasing the residence time in the body, which is the so-called half-life of the drug. The significance of enterohepatic circulation depends on the rate of drug excretion in bile. If there is a large amount of bile excretion, liver and bowel circulation can prolong the action time of the drug. If it can block the liver and intestinal circulation of the drug, it can accelerate the excretion of the drug, such as some poisons. If the enterohepatic circulation is blocked, it will cause two results： One is that drug is excreted from the body, and the other is that drugs will stay in the body especially in the liver, due to the reduction of the bile of the carrier of the drug in the enterohepatic circulation, which causes the body to be poisoned. In order to achieve the best effects in the body, first of all, we should be cautious in the selection of drugs. Secondly, we must ensure the complete functions of the liver to maintain the normal liver and intestinal circulation of drugs.

Effect of Drugs on Hepato-enteral Circulation
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